Cerebral salt wasting syndrome in a child with sspe ios press. Treatment of cerebral salt wasting is through frequent hydration to prevent dehydration plus medications. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome csws is a rare endocrine condition featuring a low blood sodium concentration and dehydration in response to injury trauma or the presence of tumors in or surrounding the brain. In siadh, the firstline intervention is fluid restriction, which will make matters worse in the volumecontracted patient with salt wasting. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome csws is often an unrecognized cause of hyponatremia that occurs in the setting of intracranial lesions. Why does the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia when it comes to these 2 conditions matter so much. Csws renal loss of sodium during intracranial disorders leading to hyponatremia and a decrease in extracellular fluid volume first described. Cerebral salt wasting csw syndrome is an important cause of hyponatremia in head injuries apart from syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone siadh. Siadh diabetes insipidus and cerebral salt wasting powerpoint presentation presentation title. Cerebral saltwasting syndrome how is cerebral saltwasting. A 4 to 6 meql increase in serum na concentration is sufficient to treat lifethreatening cerebral edema caused by.
Hyponatremia is the most frequent electrolyte disorder in critically neurological patients. Decision tree for the evaluation and management of hyponatremia in critically ill neurologic patients. Volume for volume replacement of urine na losses when dcd from hospital, most will still need oral na supplementation for a period of time 23. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome is a disorder characterized by severe hyponatremia, volume depletion, and elevated brain natriuretic peptide but normal antidiuretic hormone levels. Siadh has a greater sodium urine concentration than cerebral salt wasting. Nov 27, 2014 cerebral salt wasting syndrome csws cerebral salt wasting syndrome csws is a rare endocrine condition featuring a low blood sodium concentration and dehydration in response to traumainjury or the presence of tumors in or surrounding the brain. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome csws was initially described in the early 1950s as a clinical condition in patients with a cerebral lesion who had hyponatremia, and an elevated concentration of urine sodium na. Cerebral saltwasting syndrome, or renal salt wasting, may be more common than siadh and may even occur in the absence of cerebral disease. Disorders of sodium in the neurocritical care patient wfnn. Critical care medicine physicians provide care for children with the full range of pediatric critical care illness including respiratory, cardiovascular, renal and liver dysfunction. Definition cerebral saltwasting syndrome is defined by the development of extracellular volume depletion due to a renal na. The two conditions may be indistinguishable at presentation, which can lead to underdiagnosis of csw in patients with cns disease.
It is important to differentiate csws from the syndrome of inappropriate adh secretion, as this would alter the management of hyponatremia. Anaesthesia for endovascular management of cerebral aneurysm. Apr 27, 2018 first described by peters et al in 1950, cerebral salt wasting syndrome is defined by the development of extracellular volume depletion due to a renal sodium transport abnormality in patients with intracranial disease and normal adrenal and thyroid function. Despite this evidence, some authors have not found a. As such, it may be more appropriately termed renal salt wasting. The two main mechanisms responsible for noniatrogenic hyponatremia are cerebral salt wasting csw syndrome and the syndrome of. Case report article pdf available in neuro endocrinology letters 364. Cerebral salt wasting following traumatic brain injury in. Cerebral salt wasting after traumatic brain injury.
Cerebral angiogram is gold standard after diagnosis with hct or clinical presentation with xanthrochromia on lp, followed by daily tcds. Csw is characterized by hyponatremia and extracellular fluid depletion due to inappropriate sodium wasting in the urine 5. In this manuscript, we report the case of a sixyearold patient with cerebral salt wasting syndrome associ ated with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. In this article, 2 patients with the cerebral salt wasting syndrome are presented. It has been reported in cases with subarachnoid haemorrhage, 8 infections, 7 head injury, 9 brain tumours, 10 transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, 11 and neurosurgery. A rare differential diagnosis not mentioned in figure 1 is cerebral salt wasting csw, a condition sometimes seen on neurosurgical wards brookes and gould, 2003. Symptomatic vasospasm and asymptomatic vasospasm identified by tcd have been linked to hyponatremia. Treatment early appropriate therapy of hyponatremia is important to prevent complications. Siadh, diabetes insipidus, and cerebral salt wasting presentation summary. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone siadh is frequently diagnosed in this clinical setting, but cerebral salt wasting csw is an important diagnosis to consider. In this condition, the kidney is functioning normally but excreting excessive sodium. Symptoms include lethargy, agitation, headache, altered consciousness, seizures,and coma.
Cerebral salt wasting syndrome csw is defined as a. This form of hyponatremia is called cerebral salt wasting csw, and 30% of patients with bleeding in the area between the brain and the membranes that cover the brain subarachnoid hemorrhage develop the problem, according to author m. The unit provides the full array of advanced respiratory support, including noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, highfrequency oscillatory ventilation, and. Salt wasting nephropathy causing hypovolemic hyponatremia renal disorders eg, interstitial nephropathy, medullary cystic disease, polycystic kidney disease, partial urinary obstruction with low salt intake. Several reports involving the investigation of cerebral salt wasting syndrome, however, have shown that the anp alone is unlikely to be responsible for hyponatremia in patients with sah. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion siadh. However, cerebral salt wasting is a rare disorder that produces hyponatremia and can be difficult to distinguish from siadh.
The condition typically occurs in patients who are volumedepleted. Recent findings we applied our new approach to hyponatremia by utilizing sound pathophysiologic criteria in 62 hyponatremic patients. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome is a medical entity that leads to hyponatremia and hypovolemia due to dehydration, as a result of an acute or chronic and persistent underlying cns disorder, including trauma, tumors, and other pathologies. Proper diagnosis and differentiation between these two entities are necessary for management as the treatment is quite opposite in both conditions. Fludrocortisone can help in managing csw where alone saline infusion does not work. Change the layout of the slide to either blank of title. Cerebral salt wasting csw is an uncommon cause of hyponatraemia and is particularly challenging to manage. They have clinical signs of hypovolemia such as tachycardia and orthostatic changes in. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome is a condition featuring hyponatremia and dehydration caused by head injury, operation on the brain, subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain tumor and so on. History hyponatremia and cerebral saltwasting syndrome as the decline in serum sodium concentration reduces serum osmolality, a tonicity gradient develops across the bloodbrain barrier that causes cerebral edema. Nov 11, 2015 electrolyte imbalances are common among patients with traumatic brain injury tbi. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome following head injury in a.
Cerebral salt wasting syndrome in postoperative pediatric. Cerebral salt wasting csw is another potential cause of hyponatremia in those with cns disease, particularly patients with subarachnoid. Whereas those patients with cerebral salt wasting syndrome have hyponatremia, the urine osmolarity is usually higher than it is in siadh because of the urinary sodium losses. Cerebral salt wasting csw is an electrolyte imbalance characterized by hyponatremia and hypovolemia. Challenges still confront us as we attempt to differentiate rsw from siadh, ascertain the prevalence of rsw, and address reports of rsw. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis and cerebral salt wasting syndrome are similar yet discrete clinical entities, the main distinction being the absence or presence of volume depletion. Prophylactic management of excessive natriuresis with. History hyponatremia and cerebral saltwasting syndrome as the decline in serum sodium concentration reduces serum osmolality, a tonicity. We wanted to describe the diagnosis, treatment, and history of csw to provide clinicians with a better understanding of the differential diagnosis for. Dialysis may be needed in severe acute or chronic kidney injury.
Cerebral salt wasting csw is another potential cause of hyponatremia in those with cns disease, particularly patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Powerpoint 2004 and earlier users can choose format slide layout, and apply the new layout within the relevant dialog box see figure 1 or task pane, or use the formatting palette. Hyponatremia develops in approximately 30% of cases as a result of either the cerebral salt wasting csw syndrome or the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone siadh. Singh s, bohn d, carlotti ap, cusimano m, rutka jt, halperin ml. Making the diagnosis rapidly is vital as its treatment requires volume resuscitation and sodium restoration rather than the water restriction used for the more commonly observed siadh. Its laboratory constellation resembles siadh closely, although the spot urinary sodium concentration is usually much greater than 30. Cerebral salt wasting csw is a potential cause of hyponatremia in the setting of disease of the central nervous system cns. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome linkedin slideshare. Csws is characterized by renal loss of sodium resulting in polyuria, natriuresis, hyponatraemia, and hypovolaemia occurring as a result of a centrally mediated process. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome definition of cerebral salt. Nov 28, 2015 cerebral salt wasting csw is potential cause of vna. Cerebral salt wasting seen in patients with intracranial disease.
Cerebral saltwasting syndrome csws is a rare endocrine condition featuring a low blood sodium concentration and dehydration in response to injury. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone siadh see table 212 postoperative hyponatremia. Diagnostic value of urate determinations in hyponatremia. Bnp appeared to be the primary natriuretic peptide that caused salt wasting in patients with sah. Treatment of hyponatremia in the neurocritical care unit. Siadh is caused by infections and cancers while cerebral salt wasting is caused by brain trauma, injury, hematoma, and tumors all occurring in the brain. The clinical management of hyponatraemia postgraduate. Neuro powerpoint 9 neuroanesthesia icp flashcards quizlet.
The pathogenesis of this disorder is still not completely understood. Failure to distinguish cerebral saltwasting syndrome from siadh in a patient with hyponatremia who has brain injury could lead to inappropriate. Serum osmolality ranged between 260 and 268 mosmkgh2o in the first 15 h of the study. Nonrenal routes include gi losses, excessive sweating, third spacing of fluids e. Patients believed to have cerebral salt wasting may benefit from hypertonic saline with close monitoring hypotonic hypervolemic hyponatremia. Lp if hct, watch for siadh or cerebral salt wasting, monitor lytes and serum osmol q 6hrs, monitor abgs if on vent, prevent hyperglycemia 4 imaging. This neurohormonal activation is associated with consistently increased levels of both atrial natriuretic peptide anp and brain natriuretic peptide bnp. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome csws is characterized by severe natriuresis and volume depletion in the presence of cerebral pathology. Cerebral renal salt wasting syndrome is a rare condition which leads to a mildtomoderate hyponatraemia, and is commonly associated with intracranial bleeds subarachnoid haemorrhage, subdural haematomas, cerebral injury or brain tumours. Graduating fellows will be competent in managing complex patients with a broad spectrum critical and neurocritical care disorders within a collaborative. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome csws and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone siadh are both causes of hyponatremia in pediatric neurosurgical patients often with similar presenting symptoms. In literature, there are few reports about tuberculous.
Cerebral salt wasting syndrome in a patient with a pituitary. Infusion of isotonic saline in cerebral salt wasting, since euvolemia will suppress the release of adh. With adequate free water intake, the increase in water reabsorption induces hyponatremia, plasma hypoosmolality, and a small degree of volume expansion, which along with increased atrial natriuretic peptide levels, decrease plasma renin and aldosterone. Avoidance of neurologic injury requires a clear understanding of why the serum sodium na concentration falls and why it rises, how the brain responds to a changing serum na concentration, and what the goals of therapy should be. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome, subarachnoid haemorrhage, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, hyponatraemia. The term cerebral salt wasting syndrome is commonly used due to its significant association with the. Nov 11, 2015 initial search criteria phrases included cerebral salt wasting and traumatic brain injury or head trauma. May, 2020 first described by peters et al in 1950, cerebral salt wasting syndrome is defined by the development of extracellular volume depletion due to a renal sodium transport abnormality in patients with intracranial disease and normal adrenal and thyroid function. Physiologic manifestations severe neurologic symptoms or cerebral edema, central pontine myelinolysis. Create a new, blank presentation in powerpoint, or add a new, blank slide to an existing one.
Remove this presentation flag as inappropriate i dont like this i like this remember as a favorite. Hyponatremia occurs in 10% to 34% of patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage sah. Cerebral salt wasting explain cereberal salt wasting explain the pathophysiology and theories learn the different causes and risk factors correlate these concepts clinically to understand. Curriculum we will provide advanced training in general and neurocritical care, encompassing guidelines developed by the ucns, neurocritical care society, and society of critical care medicine. We also report on the high prevalence of rsw without cerebral disease in the general wards of the hospital. Electrolyte imbalances are common among patients with traumatic brain injury tbi. Hyponatremia in asah may result from cerebral salt wasting or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. High concentrations of sodium are found in the urine.
Cerebral saltwasting syndrome cerebral salt wasting. Brain natriuretic peptide and cerebral vasospasm in. First described by peters et al in 1950, cerebral saltwasting syndrome is defined by the development of extracellular volume depletion due to a renal sodium transport abnormality in patients with intracranial disease and normal adrenal and thyroid function. Pdf cerebral salt wasting in tuberculous meningitis. Cerebral saltwasting syndrome due to hemorrhagic brain. Specific attention is given to the use of hypertonic saline, the osmotic demyelination syndrome a. Hypovolemic hyponatremia develops as sodium and free water are lost and replaced by inappropriately hypotonic fluids. Cerebral saltwasting syndrome is a rare endocrine condition featuring a low blood sodium concentration and dehydration in response to injury or the presence of tumors in or surrounding the brain. Primary polydipsia beer potomania n assess extracellular volume gi fluid loss adrenal insufficiency diuretics cerebral salt wasting burns and third space fluid loss marathon runners siadh glucocorticoid deficiency hypothyroidism reset osmostat nsaid edemaforming states heart failure cirrhosis nephrosis high low normal not avp mediated avp. Management of hyponatraemia in patients with acute. However, some authorities contend that csw does not really exist and. Ppt siadh, di, cerebral salt wasting powerpoint presentation free to view id. A saltwasting syndrome associated with cerebral disease. Disorders of sodium balance after brain injury bja.
In the cerebral salt wasting syndrome, patients are hyponatremic. In this setting, crystalloids, colloids, 3% sodium chloride, and hypertonic sodium chloride solutions have all been shown to. Tuberculous menigitis tbm presents a major health burden around the world, especially in individuals with concomitant hiv infection, in whom mortality is nearly 50%. Two main pathophysiologies of hyponatremia, excluding iatrogenic causes, are inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone siadh and cerebral salt wasting csw syndrome. We describe a patient with cerebral infarction who developed cerebral salt wasting syndrome in the course of. Furthermore, hyponatremia accompanied by cns disorders has shown to increase delayed cerebral ischemia and mortality rates. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome can be a result of intense neurohormonal activation resulting from subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebral salt wasting and siadh linkedin slideshare. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis and cerebral salt. The cerebral salt wasting syndrome is thought to be caused by the secretion of brain and atrial natriuretic hormone, which leads to a negative sodium. Case report a 31year old hispanic man with no past medical history presented after a fall with witnessed seizure and altered mental status. Siadh, diabetes insipidus, and cerebral salt wasting. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome in brain injury patients.
If we talked about cerebral salt wasting, some of the primary interventions include giving fluid or salt back. Evolution and evolving resolution of controversy over. Differential diagnosis between these two entities can be difficult due to considerable overlap in the laboratory findings and clinical situations. Cerebral salt wasting incidence 24% of neuro cases with hyponatremia potential pathophysiology sympathetic nervous system. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome is rarely seen in children. Cerebral salt wasting csw, or renal salt wasting rsw, has evolved from a misrepresentation of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone siadh to acceptance as a distinct entity. Central pontine myelinolysis from rapid overcorrection. The adobe flash plugin is needed to view this content. If so, share your ppt presentation slides online with. Differential diagnosis between these two entities can be difficult due to considerable overlap in. However, there are a few reports of cerebral salt wasting syndrome caused by cerebral infarction. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone siadh is frequently diagnosed in this clinical setting, but cerebral salt wasting csw is an important. Siadh, diabetes insipidus, and cerebral salt wasting is the property of its rightful owner. Sequential cerebral salt wasting complicating siadh in a patient.
Seventeen 27% had siadh, 19 31% had a reset osmostat, 24 38% had. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome how is cerebral salt wasting syndrome abbreviated. The urinary sodium level is usually markedly elevated. Sodium can be lost through renal or nonrenal routes. Normal saline may be useful for cases of mild hypovolemic hyponatremia, such as cerebral salt wasting. Differentiating the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and csw remains difficult and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying csw are unclear. Cerebral saltwasting syndrome clinical presentation. The primary defect in siadh is the euvolemic, inappropriate increase in plasma adh levels. It is predominantly associated with sah and tbi but has also been described after brain tumour, ischaemic stroke, and tb meningitis. Cerebral salt wasting syndrome csw is defined as a renal loss of sodium during intracranial disease leading to hyponatremia and a decrease in extracellular fluid volume.